A-Level Chemistry Revision Notes

40 free revision notes covering every main A-Level Chemistry topic. No account needed.

A-Level Chemistry has three strands — physical, inorganic and organic — and they demand genuinely different skills, which is why most students are noticeably stronger in one than the others.

Organic chemistry is the largest and the most learnable, because it is built on mechanisms that repeat. Once you understand why a nucleophile attacks where it does, you can reason about reactions you have never seen rather than memorising each one separately. Students who try to memorise organic chemistry reaction by reaction find it expands beyond what anyone can hold.

Physical chemistry is the most mathematical, and the most common losses are procedural: mole calculations that go wrong at the unit conversion, or equilibrium questions where the initial and equilibrium amounts get confused. Set the working out in a consistent format every time.

Inorganic chemistry rewards patterns — trends down a group and across a period — rather than isolated facts.

These notes cover all three strands, plus analytical techniques, with worked examples throughout.

Acids, Bases and Buffers

pH Calculations for Strong and Weak Acids Buffer Solutions and How They Work Acid-Base Titration Curves and Indicators

Analytical Techniques

Spectroscopy: NMR, IR and Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry: Fragmentation and High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy: Proton and Carbon-13 Infrared Spectroscopy and Chromatography

Atomic Structure and Bonding

Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration Bonding, Shapes and Intermolecular Forces Ionisation Energies and Electron Shielding Shapes of Molecules and Bond Polarity

Energetics and Thermodynamics

Enthalpy Changes and Hess's Law Born-Haber Cycles, Entropy and Free Energy Born-Haber Cycles and Lattice Enthalpy Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy

Inorganic Chemistry: Periodicity and Group Chemistry

Periodicity Group 2 and Group 7 Chemistry Period 3 Elements and Their Oxides Group 2 Trends and Reactions

Kinetics and Equilibria

Reaction Kinetics and Rate Equations Chemical Equilibria: Kc and Kp Acids, Bases, pH and Buffers Kp and Partial Pressures

Organic Chemistry: Foundations

Nomenclature and Isomerism Isomerism: Structural and Stereoisomerism Reaction Mechanisms: Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination

Organic Chemistry: Functional Groups and Mechanisms

Reaction Mechanisms: Alkenes and Halogenoalkanes Alcohols, Carbonyls and Carboxylic Acids Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Aromatic Chemistry and Electrophilic Substitution Amines, Amino Acids and Polymers

Organic Synthesis

Synthetic Routes and Retrosynthesis Optical Activity and Chiral Centres in Synthesis

Redox Chemistry and Electrochemistry

Redox and Electrode Potentials Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells Redox Titrations and Electrolysis Calculations

Transition Metals and Complex Ions

Transition Metals and Complex Ions Ligand Substitution and Isomerism in Complexes Catalysis: Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Coloured Ions and Colorimetry

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