Imperfect Tense and Pluperfect

GCSE German · Grammar

Imperfect Tense and Pluperfect in German

The imperfect tense (Präteritum / Imperfekt) is the other main past tense in German, used primarily in written narratives, formal texts, and with certain high-frequency verbs. The pluperfect (Plusquamperfekt) expresses what had happened before another past event.

The Imperfect Tense

When to Use It

  • In written stories, reports, and articles (the narrative past)
  • With haben, sein, and modal verbs in both spoken and written German (Germans almost always say ich war rather than ich bin gewesen)
  • In the reading and listening exams, you will encounter it frequently

Regular (Weak) Verbs

Add -te to the stem, then the personal endings:

Pronounspielen (to play)machen (to do)
ichspieltemachte
duspieltestmachtest
er/sie/esspieltemachte
wirspieltenmachten
ihrspieltetmachtet
sie/Siespieltenmachten
  • Ich spielte als Kind oft im Garten. — I often played in the garden as a child.
  • Wir machten eine lange Wanderung. — We did a long hike.

Stems ending in -t or -d add -ete: er arbeitete, sie redete.

Irregular (Strong) Verbs

These change their stem vowel and take a different set of endings (no ending for ich and er/sie/es):

Pronoungehen (to go)fahren (to drive)kommen (to come)
ichgingfuhrkam
dugingstfuhrstkamst
er/sie/esgingfuhrkam
wirgingenfuhrenkamen
ihrgingtfuhrtkamt
sie/Siegingenfuhrenkamen

Essential Irregular Imperfect Forms

InfinitiveImperfect (ich)Meaning
seinwarwas
habenhattehad
gehengingwent
kommenkamcame
fahrenfuhrdrove/went
gebengabgave
sehensahsaw
essenate
trinkentrankdrank
schreibenschriebwrote
lesenlasread
sprechensprachspoke
nehmennahmtook
findenfandfound
schlafenschliefslept
tragentrugwore/carried
stehenstandstood
laufenliefran
beginnenbegannbegan
helfenhalfhelped
  • Es war sonnig und warm. — It was sunny and warm.
  • Ich hatte keine Zeit. — I had no time.
  • Wir fuhren mit dem Zug nach München. — We went to Munich by train.
  • Er aß ein großes Stück Kuchen. — He ate a big piece of cake.

Modal Verbs in the Imperfect

Modal verbs lose their umlaut in the imperfect and take weak (-te) endings:

InfinitiveImperfect (ich)
könnenkonnte
müssenmusste
dürfendurfte
sollensollte
wollenwollte
mögenmochte
  • Ich konnte nicht schlafen. — I couldn't sleep.
  • Wir mussten um sechs Uhr aufstehen. — We had to get up at six o'clock.
  • Sie wollte Ärztin werden. — She wanted to become a doctor.
  • Er durfte nicht ausgehen. — He wasn't allowed to go out.

The Pluperfect Tense (Plusquamperfekt)

The pluperfect describes what had happened before something else in the past. It is formed like the perfect tense, but the auxiliary (haben/sein) is in the imperfect:

Structure: Subject + hatte/war + ... + past participle

haben verbssein verbs
ichhatte ... gemachtwar ... gegangen
duhattest ... gemachtwarst ... gegangen
er/sie/eshatte ... gemachtwar ... gegangen
wirhatten ... gemachtwaren ... gegangen
ihrhattet ... gemachtwart ... gegangen
sie/Siehatten ... gemachtwaren ... gegangen
  • Ich hatte schon gegessen, als er ankam. — I had already eaten when he arrived.
  • Sie war nach Hause gegangen, bevor es regnete. — She had gone home before it rained.
  • Wir hatten die Hausaufgaben vergessen. — We had forgotten the homework.
  • Er war noch nie nach Deutschland gefahren. — He had never been to Germany before.

When to Use the Pluperfect

  • To show one past action happened before another: Nachdem ich aufgestanden war, frühstückte ich. — After I had got up, I had breakfast.
  • After nachdem (after), the pluperfect is the expected tense in the subordinate clause, with the imperfect in the main clause.
  • It signals a clear sequence of past events.

Imperfect vs. Perfect: Which to Use?

SituationTenseExample
Everyday spoken GermanPerfectIch habe gespielt
Written narratives / storiesImperfectIch spielte
haben, sein, modal verbs (spoken & written)ImperfectIch war, ich hatte, ich konnte
Formal reportsImperfectDer Unfall geschah um 10 Uhr

Exam Tips

  • Reading/Listening: You will see the imperfect everywhere in texts. Learn the irregular forms so you can recognise them instantly.
  • Writing/Speaking: Use war, hatte, konnte, musste, wollte naturally — they sound more fluent than the perfect equivalents. For other verbs, the perfect tense is fine in speech.
  • Higher-tier writing: Using the pluperfect with nachdem impresses examiners: Nachdem ich meine Prüfungen bestanden hatte, feierte ich mit meinen Freunden.
  • Translation: Watch out for English "was doing" — German has no past continuous, so ich spielte can mean "I played" or "I was playing".
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Present Tense and Word Order Perfect Tense Future Tense and Conditional Cases: Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive Adjective Endings and Comparatives Separable Inseparable and Modal Verbs Subordinate Clauses and Complex Structures

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